While throughout the region there is architecture and development that speaks to colonisation, many years prior to this Māori had settled and become well established across the region. The Māori in Te Waipounamu who developed in unison with this southern environment were from three principal streams of descent which eventually merged together in histories to form the people we now refer to as Kāi Tahu.
Through these processes the three main tribes of Te Waipounamu became one and over time came to be known as Kāi Tahu Whānui. ‘In this way, the histories and traditions of the older tribes have been woven into the collective Kāi Tahu identity’. These southerners were thus expert travellers and seamen, in tune with every aspect of their diverse environment. A distinctive economy and culture developed in the south around these seasonal heke or migrations, as opposed to the comparatively permanent settlements in the north.
The first of these people were the Waitaha whom our traditions state arrived here on the waka Uruao under the leadership of Rākaihautū and proceeded to explore, name and shape the land. It was them who laid the foundations of our tribally unique mythology, thus establishing whakapapa and ahikāroa in Te Waipounamu. The second wave of migration, around the mid-sixteenth century, was that of the Kāti Māmoe. They were the descendants of Whatuamāmoe and were drawn from the eastern coast of the North Island by the plentiful resources of Te Waipounamu. Through a process of war, strategic intermarriage and peace-making, the Kāti Māmoe came to dominate the Waitaha, supplanting their pre-eminence in Te Waipounamu. The third wave of migration in the seventeenth century was by an amalgamation of groups who later united under their common descent from Tahupōtiki and came to be known as Kāi Tahu. They also had emerged from the cradle of the eastern North Island and ventured into Te Waipounamu, engaging in the same process of war and intermarriage with Kāti Māmoe as Māmoe had previously done with Waitaha.
These excerpts are taken from Hana O’Regan’s book – Ko Tahu, Ko au: Kāi Tahu Tribal Identity (2001, pp. 45-46)